Appendices

APPENDIX A

Task Force Members

Madeleine K. Albright, Co-Chair

Madeleine Albright is a principal of The Albright Group LLC, a global strategy firm, and chair and principal of Albright Capital Management LLC, an investment advisory firm focused on emerging markets. Dr. Albright was the sixty-fourth secretary of state of the United States. In 1997, she was named the first female secretary of state and became, at that time, the highest-ranking woman in the history of the U.S. government. As secretary of state, Dr. Albright reinforced America's alliances, advocated democracy and human rights, and promoted American trade and business, labor, and environmental standards abroad. From 1993 to 1997, Dr. Albright served as the U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations and as a member of the president's cabinet. She is the first Michael and Virginia Mortara Endowed Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. She chairs both the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the Pew Global Attitudes Project and serves as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation. Dr. Albright co-chairs the UNDP Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor and serves on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the board of trustees for the Aspen Institute, and the board of directors of the Center for a New American Security. Dr. Albright earned a Bachelor of Arts with honors from Wellesley College and a Master degree and doctorate from Columbia University's Department of Public Law and Government, as well as a certificate from its Russian Institute.

William S. Cohen, Co-Chair

William Cohen is chairman and chief executive officer of The Cohen Group, a business consulting firm based in Washington, DC that provides business consulting and advice on tactical and strategic opportunities to clients in quickly changing markets around the world. He serves on the board of CBS and on the advisory boards of the U.S.-India Business Council, the U.S.-China Business Council, and Barrick Gold International. He is a senior counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and the weekly world affairs contributor for CNN's Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer. Secretary Cohen served as secretary of defense from 1997 to 2001, where he oversaw the largest organization in the United States with a budget of $300 billion and three million military and civilian personnel. Under his leadership, the U.S. military conducted operations on every continent, including the largest aerial bombardment (Kosovo and Bosnia) since World War II. His term as secretary of defense marked the first time in modern U.S. history that a president chose an elected official from the other party for his cabinet. Before his tenure at the Department of Defense, he served three terms in the U.S. Senate and three terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served on the House Judiciary Committee during the 1974 impeachment proceedings and the 1987 Iran-Contra Committee. He also served as mayor of Bangor, Maine. Secretary Cohen was born in Bangor and received a Bachelor of Arts in Latin from Bowdoin College and a law degree from Boston University Law School. He has written or coauthored ten books: four nonfiction works, four novels, and two books of poetry.

John Danforth

Former U.S. Senator John Danforth is a partner with the law firm of Bryan Cave LLP. In 2004, Danforth represented the United States as ambassador to the United Nations, where he focused on ending the North-South civil war in Sudan, a twenty-year conflict that killed two million people and displaced five million more. A peace agreement between the two sides was ultimately signed in Nairobi, Kenya on January 9, 2005. President George W. Bush appointed Danforth as special envoy to Sudan in 2001. Danforth represented the State of Missouri in the U.S. Senate for eighteen years until he retired at the end of 1994. Danforth began his political career in 1968, when he was elected attorney general of Missouri, his first race for public office. He was reelected to the post in 1972. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976 and reelected in 1982 and 1988. Currently, Danforth is chairman of the Danforth Foundation, a philanthropic organization focused on strengthening the St. Louis metropolitan area. Additionally, Danforth serves on the boards of Cerner Corporation and Greenhill and Company. He has authored two books: Resurrection and Faith and Politics. Danforth graduated with honors from Princeton University in 1958. In 1963, he received a Bachelor of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School and a Bachelor of Laws degree from Yale Law School. Before seeking public office, Danforth practiced law in New York City and St. Louis.

Thomas Daschle

Born in Aberdeen, South Dakota, Tom Daschle graduated from South Dakota State University in 1969. Upon graduation, he entered the United States Air Force, where he served as an intelligence officer in the Strategic Air Command until mid-1972. After serving on the staff of Senator James Abourezk, Daschle was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978, serving eight years. In 1986, he was elected to the U.S. Senate. In 1994, Senator Daschle was elected by his colleagues as their Democratic leader. Senator Daschle is one of the longest-serving Senate Democratic leaders in history and the only one to serve twice as both majority and minority leader. Today, Senator Daschle is an advisor to the law firm of Alston & Bird, where he provides strategic advice on public policy issues such as climate change, energy, health care, trade, financial services, and telecommunications. He is also a distinguished fellow at the Center for American Progress, a visiting professor at Georgetown University, and a public speaker. In 2007, he joined with former majority leaders George Mitchell, Bob Dole, and Howard Baker to create the Bipartisan Policy Center. He is also co-chair of the ONE Vote '08 Campaign, along with former Senate majority leader Bill Frist. Senator Daschle has published articles in numerous newspapers and periodicals and is the author of two books, Critical: What We Can Do About the Health-Care Crisis and Like No Other Time. He also serves on the boards of multiple foundations and businesses. He is married to Linda Hall Daschle and has three children and four grandchildren.

Stuart Eizenstat

Stuart Eizenstat is a partner at Covington and Burling LLP, where he heads the firm's international practice. During a decade and a half of public service in three U.S. administrations, Ambassador Eizenstat held a number of key senior positions, including chief White House domestic policy advisor to President Jimmy Carter (1977-81), ambassador to the European Union, under secretary of commerce for international trade, under secretary of state for economic, business, and agricultural affairs, and deputy secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton Administration (1993-2001). During the Clinton Administration, he had a prominent role in the development of a number of key international initiatives. Much of the interest in providing belated justice for victims of the Holocaust and other victims of Nazi tyranny during World War II was the result of his leadership as special representative of the president and secretary of state on Holocaust-era issues. He successfully negotiated major agreements with Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France, and other European countries covering restitution of property, payment for slave and forced laborers, recovery of looted art, bank accounts, and payment of insurance policies. Ambassador Eizenstat has received seven honorary doctorates from universities and academic institutions. He has been awarded high civilian awards from the governments of France (Legion of Honor), Germany, and Austria, as well as from Secretary of State Warren Christopher, Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Secretary of the Treasury Lawrence Summers. He is a Phi Beta Kappa, cum laude graduate of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a graduate of Harvard Law School.

Michael Gerson

Michael Gerson is the Roger Hertog Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. His work focuses on issues of global health and development, religion and foreign policy, and the democracy agenda. He is the author of Heroic Conservatism (HarperOne, October 2007), a columnist syndicated with the Washington Post Writers Group, and a contributor to Newsweek. He serves on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, the Holocaust Memorial Museum's Committee on Conscience, and USAID's Advisory Committee on Voluntary Foreign Aid. Before joining the Council on Foreign Relations in July 2006, Mr. Gerson was a top aide to President George W. Bush as assistant to the president for policy and strategic planning (February 2005 to June 2006). Prior to that appointment, he served in the White House as deputy assistant to the president and director of presidential speechwriting (January 2001 to July 2002) and assistant to the president for speechwriting and policy advisor (July 2002 to February 2005). Mr. Gerson joined Bush's presidential campaign in early 1999 as chief speechwriter and senior policy advisor. He was previously senior editor covering politics at U.S. News and World Report. Mr. Gerson was a speechwriter and policy advisor for Jack Kemp and a speechwriter for Bob Dole during the 1996 presidential campaign. He has also served Senator Dan Coats from Indiana as policy director. Mr. Gerson is a graduate of Wheaton College in Illinois. He grew up in the St. Louis area and now lives with his wife and sons in northern Virginia.

Dan Glickman

Dan Glickman is chairman and chief executive officer of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) Inc. Prior to joining the MPAA, Mr. Glickman was the director of the Institute of Politics at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government (August 2002-August 2004). Mr. Glickman served as the U.S. secretary of agriculture from March 1995 until January 2001. Before his appointment as secretary of agriculture, Mr. Glickman served for eighteen years in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Kansas's fourth congressional district. During that time, he served as a member of the House Agriculture Committee and was also an active member of the House Judiciary Committee. Before his election to Congress in 1976, Mr. Glickman served as a member and president of the Wichita, Kansas school board; was a partner in the law firm of Sargent, Klenda, and Glickman; and worked as a trial attorney at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Secretary Glickman serves on the board of directors of the Faith and Politics Institute, Food Research and Action Center, Friends of the World Food Program, and RFK Memorial Foundation. He received his Bachelor of Arts in history from the University of Michigan and his Doctor of Law degree from The George Washington University. He has been a senior fellow and part-time instructor in the public policy departments at Georgetown University and Wichita State University, and in 2006 received an honorary Doctor of Laws from The George Washington University Law School.

Jack Kemp

Jack Kemp is founder and chairman of Kemp Partners. From 1993 to 2004, he served as codirector of the public policy institute Empower America, which he founded with former secretary of education Bill Bennett and former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick. Both in and out of public office, Jack Kemp has been a major contributor in nurturing democratic capitalism, not only in the United States, but throughout the world. Mr. Kemp, who ran for president in 1988, gained further prominence in the national spotlight in 1996, when he was selected to be the Republican Party's candidate for vice president of the United States. Prior to cofounding Empower America, Mr. Kemp served four years as secretary of housing and urban development under President George H.W. Bush and proved to be one of our nation's most innovative leaders in that role. Before his appointment to the cabinet, Mr. Kemp represented the Buffalo area and western New York for eighteen years in the U.S. House of Representatives. Mr. Kemp serves on a number of corporate boards and travels extensively in the United States and around the world for lectures as well as business. He is a nationally syndicated columnist focusing on economic issues and trade and foreign policy, while also appearing on a variety of political talk shows. He was also the chair for Habitat for Humanity's More than Houses campaign and serves as a board member for Howard University as well as for the schools of public policy at Pepperdine and UCLA.

Gabrielle Kirk McDonald

Gabrielle Kirk McDonald currently serves as a judge with the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal in The Hague, The Netherlands. This is Judge McDonald's second assignment in The Hague. Her first was with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia as one of the original judges elected by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1993. She presided over the first trial and in 1997 she was elected president of the tribunal. From 1979 to 1988, she served as a judge in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas. She is a member of the bars of New York and Texas. Judge McDonald began her legal career as a staff attorney with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund in New York City and continued as a civil rights attorney with firms in Texas. Besides having taught law at several law schools in the United States, Judge McDonald has written many articles and edited a book on international criminal law. She is also a frequent lecturer on the work of international criminal tribunals and a business and human rights consultant. Judge McDonald has received numerous awards and honors in recognition of her achievements. A member of the board of trustees of Howard University, she has also served on the executive board of the American Bar Association Center for Human Rights and on the board of directors of the American Arbitration Association. Judge McDonald attended Hunter College and Boston University and is a graduate of Howard University School of Law, first in her class.

Thomas R. Pickering

Thomas R. Pickering is a former U.S. under secretary of state and ambassador and is currently vice chairman at Hills & Company. Before joining Hills & Company, Ambassador Pickering was senior vice president for international relations at the Boeing Company. Ambassador Pickering held the personal rank of career ambassador, the highest in the U.S. foreign service. He has served as U.S. ambassador to the Russian Federation, India, Israel, El Salvador, Nigeria, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. From 1989 to 1993, he served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. His service in the U.S. government began in 1956 in the U.S. Navy. On active duty until 1959, he later served in the Naval Reserve to the grade of lieutenant commander. Between 1959 and 1961, he served in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the State Department and in the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Ambassador Pickering received a Bachelor's degree, cum laude, with high honors in history, from Bowdoin College in 1953. In 1954, he received a Master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. He was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to the University of Melbourne in Australia and received a second Master's degree in 1956. In 1984, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Bowdoin College and has received similar honors from twelve other universities.

Julia Taft (1942-2008)

Julia Taft, a leading authority on humanitarian and international development issues, held senior positions in both government and the private sector throughout her career. During 2006, she served as interim president and chief executive officer of InterAction, a coalition of more than 160 U.S.-based private voluntary organizations working on development, refugee assistance, and humanitarian relief. From 2001 to 2004, Ms. Taft was the assistant administrator and director in the UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, which addresses issues of crisis prevention, postconflict recovery, institution building, and natural disaster mitigation. In January 2002, she headed the UN Task Force coordinating and formulating a single, coherent recovery effort for Afghanistan in support of the work of the special representative of the United Nations secretary general for Afghanistan. She led similar efforts for Iraq, Haiti, and Liberia. Prior to joining UNDP, Ms. Taft served as assistant secretary of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration at the U.S. State Department from 1997 to 2001. She was president and chief executive officer of InterAction from 1993 to 1997. She also served as director of USAID's Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Ms. Taft received several awards, including a White House Fellowship (1970), One of the Ten Most Outstanding Men and Women in Federal Service (1976), the Presidential End Hunger Award (1989), the USAID Distinguished Service Award (1989), and the USSR Award for Personal Courage for her relief efforts in the Armenian earthquake (1990). Ms. Taft is survived by her husband, William Taft IV, and three adult children.

Vin Weber

Vin Weber is managing partner of Clark & Weinstock's Washington office and is also chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy, a private, nonprofit organization designed to strengthen democratic institutions around the world through non-governmental efforts. He is a senior fellow at the Humphrey Institute at the University of Minnesota, where he is codirector of the Policy Forum (formerly the Mondale Forum). Mr. Weber is a board member of several private sector and nonprofit organizations, including ITT Educational Services, Department 56, and the Aspen Institute. He also serves on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations and co-chaired a major independent task force on U.S. Policy Toward Reform in the Arab World with former U.S. secretary of state Madeleine Albright. In addition, Mr. Weber is a member of the U.S. secretary of energy's advisory board. Prior to opening Clark & Weinstock's Washington office in 1994, Mr. Weber was president-and codirector with Jack Kemp, Jeane Kirkpatrick, and Bill Bennett-of Empower America, a public policy advocacy group. Mr. Weber served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 1993, representing Minnesota's second congressional district. He was a member of the Appropriations Committee and an elected member of the House Republican leadership. Prior to his congressional service, he served as campaign manager and chief Minnesota aide to Senator Rudy Boschwitz (1978-1980) and as the copublisher of The Murray County Herald (1976-1978).

Anthony Zinni

General Anthony Zinni, USMC (Ret.) is executive vice president of DynCorp International Inc. General Zinni retired from the U.S. Marine Corps in 2000 after thirty-nine years of service. He served as commanding general, First Marine Expeditionary Force, from 1994 to 1996, and as commander-in-chief, U.S. Central Command, from 1997 to 2000. Over his career, General Zinni's military service took him to over seventy countries and included deployments to the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, the Western Pacific, Northern Europe, and Korea. He also participated in numerous humanitarian operations. General Zinni holds twenty-three personal military awards and thirty-seven unit, service, and campaign awards. In November 2001, General Zinni was appointed senior adviser and U.S. envoy to the Middle East. He has also participated in presidential diplomatic missions to Somalia, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea, and State Department missions involving conflicts in Indonesia and the Philippines. General Zinni serves on the boards of several corporations, universities, and other organizations. He holds a Bachelor's degree in economics from Villanova University and Master's degrees in international relations from Central Michigan University and in management and supervision from Salve Regina University. General Zinni has written numerous articles, op-ed pieces, and monographs. He has also coauthored a New York Times Bestseller book on his career with Tom Clancy entitled Battle Ready and a foreign policy book entitled The Battle For Peace that was also a New York Times Bestseller and a Foreign Affairs Bestseller.

APPENDIX B

Expert Group Members*

* To ensure independence, no current U.S. government officials were invited to join the Expert Groups. Titles and affiliations, current at the time of participation in this project, are listed for information only. All Expert Group members served in their personal capacities.

Early Warning: Assessing Risks and Triggering Action

• Lead: Lawrence Woocher, Senior Program Officer, Center for Conflict Analysis and Prevention, United States Institute of Peace

• Ariela Blätter, Director, Crisis Prevention and Response Center, Amnesty International USA

• Jack A. Goldstone, Virginia E. and John T. Hazel Jr. Professor of Public Policy and Eminent Scholar, George Mason University

• Robert L. Hutchings, Lecturer and Diplomat in Residence, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University

• Doug MacEachin, former U.S. intelligence official

• John E. McLaughlin, Senior Research Fellow of Strategic Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University

• Linda Poteat, Director, Disaster Response, Humanitarian Policy and Practice, InterAction

• James P. Rubin, Adjunct Professor, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

• Donald K. Steinberg, Deputy President for Policy, International Crisis Group

• Benjamin A. Valentino, Associate Professor of Government, Dartmouth College

Early Prevention: Engaging Before the Crisis

• Lead: J Alexander Thier, Senior Advisor, Rule of Law Program, United States Institute of Peace

• Nina Bang-Jensen, Consultant

• Lorne W. Craner, President, International Republican Institute

• Colonel (ret.) Thomas A. Dempsey, Professor of Security Sector Reform, U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College

• Michael A. McFaul, Director, Center on Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University

• James C. O'Brien, Principal, The Albright Group LLC

• Stewart M. Patrick, Senior Fellow and Director, Program on International Institutions and Global Governance, Council on Foreign Relations

• E. Allan Wendt, former U.S. Ambassador

• Jennifer L. Windsor, Executive Director, Freedom House

• Kenneth D. Wollack, President, National Democratic Institute

• Howard Wolpe, Director, Africa Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

Preventive Diplomacy: Halting and Reversing Escalation

• Lead: Paul B. Stares, General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow for Conflict Prevention and Director, Center for Preventive Action, Council on Foreign Relations

• Kenneth H. Bacon, President, Refugees International

• James Dobbins, Director, International Security and Defense Policy Center, National Security Research Division, RAND

• Bruce W. Jentleson, Professor of Public Policy Studies and Political Science, Duke University

• Princeton N. Lyman, former U.S. Ambassador; current Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies, Council on Foreign Relations

• Andrew S. Natsios, Distinguished Professor in Practice of Diplomacy, Mortara Center for International Studies, Georgetown University

• Meghan L. O'Sullivan, Senior Fellow and Adjunct Lecturer, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

• James A. Schear, Director of Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University

• Walter B. Slocombe, Member, Caplin & Drysdale

• Nancy E. Soderberg, Distinguished Visiting Scholar and Director, Public Policy Initiatives, University of Northern Florida

Employing Military Options

• Lead: Victoria K. Holt, Senior Associate, Henry L. Stimson Center

• Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Michael F. Bailey, Director, Post-Conflict Operations, RONCO Consulting Corporation

• Colonel (ret.) Joseph J. Collins, Professor of National Security Strategy, National War College

• Colonel (ret.) William Flavin, Chief, Doctrine, Concepts, Training and Education Division, U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College

• H. Allen Holmes, former U.S. Ambassador and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict

• Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Michael A. Newton, Professor of the Practice of Law, Vanderbilt University Law School

• Anne C. Richard, Vice President, Government Relations and Advocacy, International Rescue Committee

• Sarah Sewall, Director, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy and Lecturer, Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

• Taylor B. Seybolt, Senior Program Officer, Grants and Fellowships Program, United States Institute of Peace

• Howard Roy Williams, President and Chief Executive Officer, Center for Humanitarian Cooperation

International Action: Strengthening Norms and Institutions

• Lead: Tod Lindberg, Research Fellow and Editor of Policy Review, Hoover Institution, Stanford University

• Kenneth Anderson, Professor of Law and Director of the JD/MBA Dual Degree Program, Washington College of Law, American University

• Christopher B. Burnham, Managing Director and Vice Chairman of Deutsche Asset Management, Deutsche Bank

• Roberta Cohen, Nonresident Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, and Senior Adviser, Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, Brookings Institution

• Ivo H. Daalder, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, and the Sydney Stein Jr. Chair, Brookings Institution

• Nancy H. Ely-Raphel, former U.S. Ambassador

• Bruce P. Jackson, Founder and President, Project on Transitional Democracies

• Neil J. Kritz, Associate Vice President, Rule of Law Program, United States Institute of Peace

• Elissa Massimino, Washington Director, Human Rights First

• William G. O'Neill, Consultant

• David J. Scheffer, Robert A. Helman Professor of Law and Director, Center for International Human Rights, Northwestern University

APPENDIX C

Task Force Staff

Executive Committee

• Brandon Grove, Executive Director; President Emeritus, The American Academy of Diplomacy (AAD)

• Ann-Louise Colgan, Project Manager

• John Heffernan, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM)

• Abiodun Williams, United States Institute of Peace (USIP)

• Lawrence Woocher, USIP

Former Executive Committee Members

• Jerry Fowler, formerly of USHMM

• Scott Lasensky, USIP

• Matthew Levinger, formerly of USHMM

Expert Group Leads

• Victoria K. Holt

• Tod Lindberg

• Paul B. Stares

• J Alexander Thier

• Lawrence Woocher

Media/Outreach Teams

• Tara Sonenshine, Strategic Advisor to the Task Force

• Arthur Berger, USHMM

• Jean Freedberg, USHMM

• Richard Graves, USHMM

• Laurie Schultz Heim, USIP

• Anne Hingeley, USIP

• Andrew Hollinger, USHMM

• Ian Larsen, USIP

• Yvonne Siu, AAD

• Allison Sturma, USIP

• Lauren Sucher, USIP

Editor/Publishing Consultant

• Dan Snodderly

Program Assistants

• Kelly Campbell, USIP

• Nicholas Howenstein, USIP

• Sara Weisman, USHMM

Research Assistants

• Jamie Ekern

• Craig Halbmaier

• Molly Inman

• Joshua G. Smith

APPENDIX D

List of Consultations*

*Affiliations are current as of the time of consultation.

U.S. Government Officials

• Colonel John Agoglia, Director, Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College

• John H. (Jack) Andre II, ASEAN Cooperation Plan Coordinator, U.S. Department of State

• Keith Bean, Political Officer, U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya

• Stephen Beck, Legislative Assistant, Office of Representative Tom Tancredo (R-CO)

• Howard L. Berman, Member of Congress (D-CA)

• Lieutenant Colonel Michael J. Bittrick, Deputy Director for Security Affairs, Office of Regional and Security Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State

• Donald E. Braum, Senior Adviser for Civilian-Military Engagement, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. Department of State

• Caren Brown, Second Secretary, U.S. Embassy, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Mark Clack, Senior Legislative Assistant, Office of Senator Benjamin L. Cardin (D-MD)

• Jared Cohen, Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State

• Cindy L. Courville, U.S. Ambassador to the African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

• Cheryl L. Fernandes, First Secretary, Political Affairs Section, U.S. Embassy, Abuja, Nigeria

• Scott Fisher, Africa Contingency Operations Training Assistance Operations Advisor, Office of Regional and Security Affairs, Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State

• Paul S. Foldi, Professional Staff Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• Jendayi Frazer, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, U.S. Department of State

• David F. Gordon, Director of Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State

• Heloisa Griggs, Counsel, Office of Senator Richard J. Durbin (D-IL)

• Tiffany Guarascio, Legislative Assistant, Office of Representative Frank Pallone (D-NJ)

• Laura Hall, Civilian Response Operations, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. Department of State

• John E. Herbst, Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. Department of State

• Hans Hogrefe, Director, Congressional Human Rights Caucus

• Kenneth L. Knight Jr., National Intelligence Officer for Warning, National Intelligence Council, Office of the Director of National Intelligence

• Elizabeth Kvitashvili, Director, Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation; Deputy Assistant Administrator for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development

• Mark Lagon, Ambassador-at-Large and Director of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Department of State

• Chris J. Lamb, Senior Research Fellow, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University

• Matthew Lavine, Special Assistant to the Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues, U.S. Department of State

• Colonel Stewart M. LeBlanc, AFRICOM Military Liaison, U.S. Mission to the African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

• Lindsay Lee, Legislative Assistant, Office of Representative Joseph Knollenberg (R-MI)

• Edward P. Levine, Senior Professional Staff Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• Alexander H. Margulies, Chief, War Crimes, Atrocities, and Democracy Analysis Division, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, U.S. Department of State

• Heather Merritt, First Secretary, Political Affairs Section, U.S. Embassy, Abuja, Nigeria

• Patricia N. Moller, Ambassador, U.S. Embassy, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Captain Barton A. Moore, Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa Military Liaison, U.S. Mission to the African Union, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

• J. Scott Norwood, Deputy Director for Global Security Affairs, J-5, Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Department of Defense

• Sean O'Brien, Program Manager, Information Processing Technology Office, Defense Advance Research Projects Agency

• Donald M. Payne, Member of Congress (D-NJ)

• Douglas C. Peifer, Department of Strategy, Air War College

• Harry V. Phillips, Instructional Systems Specialist, U.S. Army War College, Center for Strategic Leadership

• Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Mike Pryce, Professor of Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeping, and Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College

• Michael E. Ranneberger, Ambassador, U.S. Embassy, Nairobi, Kenya

• Grover Joseph Rees, Special Representative for Social Issues and Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, U.S. Department of State

• Colonel Daniel S. Roper, Director, U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

• Larry Sampler, Deputy Coordinator for Conflict Prevention and Strategic Communications, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. Department of State

• Kori Schake, Principal Deputy Director, Office of Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State

• Gregory L. Schulte, Permanent Representative of the United States to the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations Office, Vienna, Austria

• Margaret Schumacher, Legislative Assistant, Office of Representative Frank Pallone (D-NJ)

• Milbert Shin, Deputy Director, Office of War Crimes Issues, U.S. Department of State

• Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Mark Shrives, U.S. Advisor to ECOWAS, U.S. Embassy, Abuja, Nigeria

• Jennifer J. Simon, Professional Staff Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• Dwight Alan Smith, Assistant Mission Director, U.S. Agency for International Development, Nairobi, Kenya

• Major Neil Smith, Operations Officer, U.S. Army and Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas

• Shannon Smith, Professional Staff Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• Eythan Sontag, Active Response Corps Officer, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. Department of State

• Sheryl A. Stumbras, Director, Democracy and Governance Office, U.S. Agency for International Development, Nairobi, Kenya

• Marc J. Susser, Historian, U.S. Department of State

• Nyree A. Tripptree, Human Rights Officer, U.S. Embassy, Abuja, Nigeria

• Jose Urquilla, Legislative Correspondent, Office of Senator Sam Brownback (R-KS)

• JoAnne Wagner, Counselor, U.S. Embassy, Bujumbura, Burundi

• James B. Warlick, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, U.S. Department of State

• Anthony Wier, Professional Staff Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

• Clint Williamson, Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues, U.S. Department of State

• Richard S. Williamson, President's Special Envoy to Sudan

• Frank R. Wolf, Member of Congress (R-VA)

• Donald Yamamoto, Ambassador, U.S. Embassy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

International and Regional Organization Officials

• Alice Ackerman, Senior Operational Advisor, Operations Service, Conflict Prevention Centre, OSCE Secretariat

• Charles Addo-Richtor, Standby Force, ECOWAS

• Babatunde Afolabi, Conflict Prevention Unit, ECOWAS

• Cyriaque P. Agnekethom, Head of Division-Small Arms, ECOWAS

• Remi Ajibewa, Principal Programme Officer, Political Affairs, ECOWAS

• Lieutenant Colonel Nurudeen Kola Azeez, Military Adviser, African Union Peace Support Team, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Nick Birnback, Chief, Peacekeeping Public Affairs Unit, Office of the Under Secretary General, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Alhaji Bakary Bobbo, Principal Programme Officer, Observation and Monitoring Center, ECOWAS

• Michael Brown, Information Communications Technology Adviser, African Union Peace Support Team, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Tanja Chopra, Program Coordinator, Justice for the Poor: Kenya, World Bank

• Peter Kofi Dadzie, Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist, Peace Fund, ECOWAS

• Colonel Nuno Pires da Silva, Senior Military Liaison Officer to the African Union, NATO

• Colonel Charles Debrah, Training Officer, African Standby Force, AU

• Jean de Dieu Somda, Vice President, ECOWAS

• Joop de Haan, Operational Support Officer: Lessons Learned Program, Conflict Prevention Centre, OSCE Secretariat

• Brigadier General Jaotody Jean de Matha, Head, Operations and Support Unit, Peace Support Operations Division, AU

• Francis Deng, Special Adviser to the UN Secretary General on the Prevention of Genocide

• Ismaël Diallo, Director, Human Rights and Justice Division, UN Integrated Office in Burundi

• Captain Ibrahim Siratigui Diarra, Executive Assistant/Chef de Cabinet, ECOWAS

• Bimbo Dyelohunnu, Trafficking in Persons Unit Coordinator, ECOWAS

• Martin Erdmann, Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs and Security Policy, NATO

• Michael Gaouette, Senior Political Affairs Officer, Africa Division, Office of Operations, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Anne-Marie Goetz, Chief Adviser of Governance, Peace, and Security, UN Development Fund for Women

• Michele Griffin, Officer-in-Charge, Policy Planning Unit, UN Department of Political Affairs

• Andrzej Grzelka, Logistics Operations Officer, African Union Peace Support Team, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Abdou Lat Gueye, Early Warning System, ECOWAS

• David Haeri, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary General, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Abdel-Kader Haireche, Team Leader, African Union Peace Support Team, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Hussein Hassouna, Ambassador to the United States, League of Arab States

• Aissatou Hayatou-Tall, Expert, AU Peace and Security Council Secretariat

• Mohammed Ibrahim, Disaster and Risk Reduction, Department of Humanitarian and Social Affairs, ECOWAS

• Florence Iheme, Early Warning Department, ECOWAS

• Major General (ret.) Samaila Iliya, Consultant, Peace and Security Department, AU Capacity-Building Team

• Francis James, Head of Justice Unit, Human Rights and Justice Division, UN Integrated Office in Burundi

• Abdul Janha, Consultant, Peace and Security Department, AU Capacity-Building Team

• Stephane Jean, Policy and Legal Affairs Officer, Police Division, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Gregory Jordan, Chief, Situation/Communications Room, Conflict Prevention Centre, OSCE Secretariat

• Admore Mupoki Kambudzi, Secretary, AU Peace and Security Council

• Paul Keating, Peacekeeping Best Practices Section, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Ben M. Kioko, Legal Counsel/Director, AU Office of Legal Council

• Brigadier General Hassan Lai, Chief of Staff, Standby Force, ECOWAS

• Edward C. Luck, Special Adviser to the UN Secretary General

• Youssef Mahmoud, Executive Representative of the Secretary General for Burundi, UN Integrated Office in Burundi

• Geofrey Mugumya, Director, AU Peace and Security Directorate

• Abdel-Fatau Musah, Conflict Prevention Advisor, ECOWAS

• Matildah Musumba, Regional National Officer, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN, Naivasha, Kenya

• Charles Mwaura, Expert, Conflict Early Warning and Preventive Diplomacy, AU

• Dante Negro, Director, Department of International Law, Secretariat for Legal Affairs, OAS

• Brown Odigie, Research Officer, Peace Fund, ECOWAS

• General (ret.) C. A. Okae, Director, Peacekeeping and Regional Security, ECOWAS

• Kyoko Ono, Peacekeeping Best Practices Section, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Robert Orr, Assistant Secretary General for Policy Coordination and Strategic Planning, UN

• Ian Parker, Integrated Training Service, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Stella Mystica Sabiiti, Consultant, Peace and Security Department, AU Capacity-Building Team

• Colonel (ret.) Nicholas Seymour, Policy Advisor, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Amado Shour, Human Rights Consultant, AU

• Colonel (ret.) Ian Sinclair, Office of Military Affairs, UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

• Ekkehard Strauss, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN

• Benetta J. Tarr, Research Fellow, King's College, ECOWAS

• Koen Vervaeke, European Union Special Representative, and Head of the European Commission Delegation to the African Union

• El Ghassim Wane, Head, Conflict Management Centre, AU

Foreign Government Officials

• Lieutenant Colonel Simon Bacon, British Military Liaison to ECOWAS, Embassy of the United Kingdom, Abuja, Nigeria

• Colonel Saleh Bala, Military Assistant, Honorable Minister of Defense, Nigerian Ministry of Defense

• Emma Davies, Head, War Crimes Section, International Organisations Department, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Heidi Hulan, Minister-Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations

• Colonel Nibizi Isaie, Director of Security Policy, Office of the Vice President, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Arthur Kibbelaar, First Secretary, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Jean Marie Ngendahayo, Member of National Assembly, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Wu Jin Paek, Conflict Prevention Unit-Early Warning, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Babu Rahman, Senior Principal Research Officer, International Security and Global Issues Research Group, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Mary Shockledge, Conflict Prevention Unit-Early Warning, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Staffan Tillander, Ambassador, Embassy of Sweden, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

• Daniel Trup, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Ying Yee, Conflict Prevention Team, Conflict Group, United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office

• Prince Zeid Ra'ad Zeid Al-Hussein, Ambassador of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan to the United States

Independent Experts

• Guy Abbate, Instructor, Peace Operations Program, Defense Institute for International Legal Studies

• Gordon Adams, Distinguished Fellow, Henry L. Stimson Center

• Bryan Ardouny, Executive Director, Armenian Assembly of America

• Imam Muhammed Nurayn Ashafa, Founder and Coordinator of the Inter-Faith Mediation Centre/Muslim-Christian Dialogue Forum

• Amjad Atallah, Senior Director of International Policy and Advocacy, Save Darfur Coalition

• Leanne Bayer, Chief of Party, PADCO Burundi

• Sam Bell, Director of Advocacy, Genocide Intervention Network

• Kathy Bushkin Calvin, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, United Nations Foundation

• Jarat Chopra, Consultant

• Eric Cohen, Chairperson, Investors Against Genocide

• Bridget Conley-Zilkic, Project Director, Committee on Conscience, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

• Colleen Connors, Chief Operating Officer, Save Darfur Coalition

• Christian Davenport, Professor of Government and Politics, University of Maryland

• Rachel Davis, Associate, International Peace Institute

• Alison Des Forges, Senior Advisor, Africa Program, Human Rights Watch

• Tracy Dexter, Country Manager, International Alert, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Nick Donovan, Head of Campaigns, Policy and Research, Aegis Trust

• William Durch, Senior Associate, Henry L. Stimson Center

• Gareth Evans, President and Chief Executive Officer, International Crisis Group

• Colonel (ret.) Karl Farris, U.S. Army

• Colonel (ret.) Scott Feil, Executive Director, Program on the Role of American Military Power, Association of the United States Army

• Lee Feinstein, Consultant

• Jerry Fowler, President, Save Darfur Coalition

• Richard Goldstone, Distinguished Visitor from the Judiciary, Georgetown University Law Center

• Francois Grignon, Director, Africa Program, International Crisis Group

• David Hamburg, President Emeritus, Carnegie Corporation of New York

• Aram Hamparian, Executive Director, Armenian National Committee of America

• Mark Hanis, Executive Director, Genocide Intervention Network

• Chad Hazlett, Director of Protection Programs, Genocide Intervention Network

• John Heidenrich, Senior National Security Analyst, Science Applications International Corporation

• Jens-U Hettmann, Security Policy Projects Coordinator, West Africa, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung

• Ed Huffine, Vice President, International Development, Bode Technology

• Bethuel Kiplagat, Concerned Citizens for Peace, Kenya

• Stephen D. Krasner, Graham H. Stuart Professor of International Relations, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University

• Alan J. Kuperman, Assistant Professor of Public Affairs, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas

• Anthony Kuria, Director of Research, Kenya National Commission on Human Rights

• George Kut, Program Coordinator, Capacities for Peace Programme, Nairobi Peace Initiative Africa

• Ellen Laipson, President and Chief Executive Officer, Henry L. Stimson Center

• Anthony Lake, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University

• Jonathan Ledgard, Africa Correspondent, The Economist, Nairobi, Kenya

• René Lemarchand, Professor Emeritus, Department of Political Science, University of Florida

• Peter Lewis, Director of African Studies Program, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University

• Eric Lief, Senior Advisor, Henry L. Stimson Center

• Elizabeth McClintock, Managing Partner, CM Partners, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Sean McFate, Program Director, National Security Initiative, Bipartisan Policy Center

• Carola McGiffert, Vice President and Chief of Staff, Center for Strategic and International Studies

• Juan Méndez, President, International Center for Transitional Justice

• Abdinoor Mohammed, Manager, Stadium IDP Camp, Kenya Red Cross, Naivasha, Kenya

• Anthony Muchiri, Manager, Kedong IDP Camp, Kenya Red Cross, Naivasha, Kenya

• Innocent Muhozi, Director, Radio/Television Renaissance, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Susan Myers, Executive Director, New York Office, United Nations Foundation

• Jeffrey "Jeb" Nadaner, Lockheed Martin Corporation

• Kate Nahapetian, Government Affairs Director, Armenian National Committee of America

• Dorothy Ndung'u, Coordinator, Research, Learning, and Policy Programme, Nairobi Peace Initiative Africa

• Willy Nindorera, Independent Researcher

• David Niyonzima, Director, Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Services, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Fabien Nsengimana, Director of Programs, Burundi Leadership Training Program, Bujumbura, Burundi

• Godwin Odo, Program Officer, Abuja Office, The Macarthur Foundation

• Diane Orentlicher, Special Counsel, Open Society Justice Initiative

• Samantha Power, Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

• John Prendergast, Co-Chair, ENOUGH Project

• Eric P. Schwartz, Executive Director, Connect U.S.

• Isaac Shapiro, Senior Advisor, Save Darfur Coalition

• Hugo Slim, Director, Corporates for Crisis

• Gayle Smith, Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress

• Gregory H. Stanton, President, Genocide Watch

• Scott Straus, Associate Professor, Political Science and International Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison

• Allyson Stroschein, Policy Director, Impact '08, Center for U.S. Global Engagement

• General (ret.) Lazaro Sumbeiywo, Chair, Concerned Citizens for Peace, Kenya

• Sean Turnell, Visiting Fellow, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University

• J. Matthew Vaccaro, Program Director, Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies, Naval Postgraduate School

• Ross Vartian, Executive Director, U.S.-Armenia Public Affairs Committee

• Elon Weinstein, President, International Sustainable Systems

• Roger Winter, Consultant

• Timothy E. Wirth, President, United Nations Foundation and Better World Fund

• Pastor James Wuye, Founder and Coordinator of the Inter-Faith Mediation Centre/Muslim-Christian Dialogue Forum

• Micah Zenko, Senior Research Associate, Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

Others consulted but not listed by name:

• Additional professional staff and officers with the ECOWAS Standby Force Task Force

• Internally displaced persons in Naivasha, Kenya

• Refugees and internally displaced persons in Bujumbura Rural Province, Burundi

Task Force Experts also benefited from participation in the following conferences:

• Council on Foreign Relations: States at Risk: Lessons for Preventive Action, June 2008

• United Nations Security Council Arria Formula Meeting: Women, Peace, and Security: Women Targeted or Affected by Armed Conflict: What Role for Military Peacekeepers? June 2008

• Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation's Raphael Lemkin Seminar Series on Genocide Prevention: Inaugural Session, May 2008

• Columbia University's Center for International Conflict Resolution and George Mason University's Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution: Engaging Governments in Genocide Prevention, May 2008 and October 2007

• Harvard University Kennedy School of Government Program on Intrastate Conflict and Carr Center on Human Rights Policy: Triggering the Responsibility to Protect: Locating the Bright Lines, May 2008

• Wilton Park Conference: Women Targeted or Affected by Armed Conflict: What Role for Military Peacekeepers? May 2008

• United States Institute of Peace Seminar: Religion and Genocide Prevention, April 2008

• Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law/Yeshiva University Conference: R2P: The Responsibility to Protect: A Framework for Confronting Identity-Based Atrocities, March 2008

• International Studies Association Panel Discussion: Halting Widespread or Systematic Attacks on Civilians: Military Strategies and Operational Concepts, March 2008

• Madariaga European Foundation Panel Discussion: Preventing Genocide and Mass Atrocities: Our Responsibility to Prevent, March 2008

• United States Institute of Peace: Non-Governmental Support for the Early Warning Function of the Special Adviser to the UN Secretary General on the Prevention of Genocide, March 2008

• Center for International Human Rights, Northwestern University School of Law: Responsibility to Protect and the International Criminal Court: America's New Priorities, December 2007

• Global Futures Forum: Conference on Genocide Prevention, October 2007

• Global Peace Operations Initiative: G8++ Global Clearinghouse Conference, October 2007

• Henry L. Stimson Center Roundtable: Protecting Civilians from Mass Atrocities: Strategies, Safe Areas, and Lessons from the Field, October 2007

• McGill University: Global Conference on the Prevention of Genocide, October 2007

• United Nations University: Prevention of Mass Atrocities, October 2007

APPENDIX E

Plenary Sessions

The Genocide Prevention Task Force officially convened in plenary session on the following dates:

• December 13, 2007

• May 7, 2008

• September 8, 2008

APPENDIX F

Acronyms

• AAD The American Academy of Diplomacy

• AFRICOM Africa Command, United States Department of Defense

• APC Atrocities Prevention Committee

• ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

• AU African Union

• AWL Atrocities Watchlist, United States National Intelligence Council

• BLTP Burundi Leadership Training Program

• CMM Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation, United States Agency for International Development

• DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration

• DNI Director of National Intelligence, United States

• DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations

• DRL Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, United States Department of State

• ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

• EU European Union

• FSI Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State

• FSO Foreign Service Officer

• G-8 Group of Eight (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States)

• ICC International Criminal Court

• IDP Internally Displaced Person

• IFI International Financial Institution

• IMET International Military Education and Training Program, United States Department of Defense

• INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research, United States Department of State

• MNE Multinational Experiments

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• NEO Noncombatant Evacuation Operation

• NGO Nongovernmental Organization

• NIA National Intelligence Assessment

• NIC National Intelligence Council

• NIE National Intelligence Estimate

• NIPF National Intelligence Priorities Framework

• NRF North Atlantic Treaty Organization Response Force

• NSC National Security Council

• NSPD National Security Presidential Directive

• NSS National Security Strategy

• OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations

• OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations

• OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

• OTI Office of Transition Initiatives, United States Agency for International Development

• P-5 Permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States)

• PITF Political Instability Task Force

• QDR Quadrennial Defense Review, United States Department of Defense

• ROE Rules of Engagement

• S/CRS Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, United States Department of State

• SS German Schutzstaffel (Protective Squadron)

• SSR Security Sector Reform

• SSTR Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction

• STANAG Standardization Agreement

• S/WCI Office of War Crimes Issues, United States Department of State

• UN United Nations

• UNDP United Nations Development Programme

• U.S. United States

• USAID United States Agency for International Development

• USHMM United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

• USIP United States Institute of Peace