Eyewitness to History: Susan Warsinger

Bill Benson: Welcome. Thank you for joining us for First  Person: Conversations with Holocaust Survivors. My name is Bill Benson. I have hosted the Museum's  First Person program since it began in 2000.   Through these monthly conversations, we bring you  firsthand accounts of survival of the Holocaust. Each of our First Person guests serves as a  volunteer at the Museum. We are honored to have with us today Holocaust survivor Susan  Warsinger who will share with us   her personal first-hand account of the Holocaust.  Susan, thank you so much for joining us and being   willing to be our First Person today. Susan Warsinger: Thank you, Bill, for having me come on your program.

Bill: Susan, you have so much to share with us so we're  going to go ahead and get started. You were born on May 27, 1929 in Bad Kreuznach, Germany, just a few  years before Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Please tell us about your hometown and  your family before the Nazis came to power.   Susan: I was born in Bad Kreuznach. It's a little town  near Frankfurt and near Cologne, and it was a very small town but it was beautiful. It was surrounded  by mountains and had many grapes growing all over, many vineyards, and it had a beautiful river called  the Nahe which was a tributary of the Rhine River. And it had a beautiful bridge that was built in  the 1300s in medieval times, and then it had a spa which was very popular because the German  people from all over Germany used to come and   get bathed there and breathe in the sulfur air  and the fine air so that their illnesses would   be better. Anyway this picture that you're  looking at is my father and we were walking in the garden where the spa was, and that's  my father and me a long, long time ago. Bill: And I think we have another picture  for you to share with us as well. Susan: Yes. That's my father and my mother and my brother  Joe and me. This is before Hitler came into power. Bill: What was your father's occupation, Susan? Susan: He had a linen store and he was probably doing very well because we  lived in a nice house. But these things changed   when Hitler came into power. And -- Bill: And that, of course, Susan -- that happened in January 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor and moved quickly to turn Germany into a one-party dictatorship. The new Nazi regime  persecuted Jews and passed antisemitic laws. So tell us how life changed once the Nazis were  in control, and how that changed your family's life. Susan: Well, the Nazis boycotted my father's store  and he lost all of his customers. And eventually he had to give up the store and some Germans -- people --  took it over. So he didn't have any income. So we had to move from one place to another, to  many different houses and different apartments. And my father, in order to make a living for  his family, he went and picked strawberries and   he sold them in baskets to the people, to  the Jewish people, of our town to help him make a living. Bill: And you remember him going  out doing that, don't you? Susan: I do. I really do. Bill: And we have another photograph I'd love you to tell us about. Susan: I want to introduce you to my whole family. My brother, Joe, -- I'm going to be talking about him a lot -- he has his arm around my mother and then she's  holding my baby brother, Ernest, and that's me with   my arm around my father. Now, I'm going to tell you  my all of my stories from a child's point of view   because that's the way I remember it. Bill: Your baby brother, because of the circumstances, he -- tell us about his birth. Susan: Yeah. We were  living in one of the smaller houses   and my brother and I had to sit  outside of the house on some steps and the reason we had to do that is  because my mother was having the baby   inside the house and because there was a law in  in Bad Kreuznach the Jewish people weren't allowed   to go to the hospital Bill: That was one of the many,  many restrictions on Jewish people at that time. Bill: Susan, tell us about starting school. Susan: Well, I was very anxious to go to school and learn and be part of a German girls education, and I was very happy to go to school. And here that's me, here I am. This is my first day of school and I'm holding a cone in my hands and was the custom of all German children on their first day to go to school, to have a cone like that. And in fact it's still a custom in Germany now  but the cone, and I guess probably the audience   is probably thinking what on earth  is inside of that cone? Well I'll tell you, Bill. Inside the cone it was filled with candy and  sweet things so that our education would be   sweet and lovely and delightful and delicious.  And that lasted for a very, very short time   because after I went to school for a little  while, the teacher started to read picture story   books to the children, and many of them were very  antisemitic. And here's an example of one of the   antisemitic books that the children were reading  in Germany. This one is called "Der Giftpilz" and it means "A Poisoned Mushroom." And if you take  a look at the cover of this book, you can see the   mushroom, and then there's this ugly face with  an ugly nose and a Star of David and the   mushroom is wearing a clown. And so the children,  when listening to this story, were learning   the Jews were poisoned mushrooms and so that  they were poisonous and so they tried to keep   away from me. They made fun of me and they laughed  at me and I was very uncomfortable going to school. And every day I ran home to my mother  and I said to her, "I don't want to go   to public school anymore. I want to stay  home." She said, "Well, just stick it out, stick it out." But after a while I was extremely happy, and the  reason I was extremely happy, Bill, is because   there was a law in Germany that Jewish children  weren't allowed to go to school anymore. But the parents in Bad Kreuznach, the  Jewish parents, all wanted their children to go   to school. So they hired one Jewish teacher and  that Jewish teacher had a one-room schoolhouse   and we all went to that school. Maybe they want  to -- there you go. The teacher is the one   that's holding the -- he's writing something  on the paper and I'm the one with the pigtails. Well, what happened is he was responsible of  teaching all the Jewish children in Bad Kreuznach. In that one room he taught from first  grade, first row was the first grade, second row was   the second grade, all the way to the ninth grade.  And this one I think he probably was teaching   language arts to all the kids. And what we had done,  we had written plays about fairy tales in Germany. And what I'm doing is I'm listening to my mother,  who was my best friend at the time, and I'm holding   a basket and I am Little Red Riding Hood going  into the woods, and she's telling me to be very   careful when walking through the woods. And so all  these children here were really very happy because   there was nobody to call us names and nobody to  be antisemitic because we were all Jews together. Bill: That, for a time, that must have felt like a place  of safety after all you were subjected to in that public school. Susan: Yes. Yes, yes. Bill: You had an incident that you recall when your mother sent you to the store to get bread, but you had to go through a park to get there. Tell us about that. Susan: Yes. I was very proud, I must have been  maybe six years old. And I was very proud because   I was able to do something for my  family. She used to put the pfennig   in my hand and she said, "Go buy some bread." And  in order to get to the store I had to cross the   street and walk through a park and get to  the other end where all of the stores were. Anyway, so I was crossing the street and then  I was starting to walk down the steps to get into the park, and all of a sudden the gatekeeper of  the park started to yell at me and he said to me, "Hey, you can't go through this park anymore because  you're a dirty Jew." And then he called me all kinds   of names and he told me never to walk through the  park again. So I ran up the steps and I ran to my   mother, and I told her, you know, what had happened.  And she really didn't want to worry me and so she said, "Well next time you go just walk around the  park." So the next time she put the   pfennig in my hand and I crossed the street  and I would -- there was the entrance to the park   and I was standing at the top of the steps and  I said to myself, "Oh I am very tired," because if   I had to walk all the way around the park, I  would have to walk all the way one block and   then another two blocks the other way and then go  back. And I said to myself, "I'm very tired I think -- and I think you probably already know what  I was doing -- I did go down those steps. And so,   of course, the gatekeeper came and they started  to scream at me the same horrible words, but he   also threw rocks at me, the rocks that were in the  park. But the bad part of it was that he had his   daughter, and she was watching him and he was  her role model and so she said -- must have said -- to herself, "Well if that's what my father does, I'm supposed to do that too." And so she picked up some rocks and threw them at  me and called me the same names that her father was calling me. And here was this little girl  who was learning about hatred and antisemitism. And I never walked through that park again. Bill: What a, just a horrible thing for a little child to have to experience that, along with the other things you've described. Susan, this brings us to early November 1938.  On the night of November 9th through 10th, 1938, the Nazi regime coordinated a wave of violent  attacks targeting Jewish people in Nazi Germany. These events become became known as Kristallnacht,  or "The Night of Broken Glass" because of the   shattered glass on the streets after the vandalism  and destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes. You were just nine years  old. What do you remember of Kristallnacht?   Susan: Yeah, I remember that night very clearly  because my mother's birthday was going to be   the next day. Her birthday was on November the  10th. And my brother Joe and I, we were sleeping   in our bedroom -- or ready to go to sleep -- must  have been maybe 11 o'clock something like that,   and all of a sudden some bricks and rocks  were being thrown through our window. And my brother Joe is much braver than I am. I  know I covered myself up because I was scared, but he went to the window and he lifted  himself up, and he said to me, "Susie, it is our neighbors that are throwing the rocks  through the window." And the civil policeman who was standing at the edge of the crowd like this and he didn't do anything to stop the crowd from throwing the bricks and rocks through the window.  So my brother and I were very frightened. We ran   across the hall to our parents bedroom and  the bricks and rocks were being thrown through   their window also. And my baby brother, they  called him Ernst -- which was the German name   for Ernest -- and he was laying in the bassinet right  near the window and my brother remembers that the --  my brother Joe remembers -- that a rock fell  on his hand, on the baby's hand, but the baby   was okay, he was all right. And so all  five of us - my mother, my father, and my brothers, and I were huddling like in the back of the  bedroom to decide what to do, and just then   the people had uprooted a lamppost from  outside which was called Adolf-Hitler-Platz, and they smashed the lamppost through -- Bill: Like a battering ram right through your door. Susan: Yes, exactly. They smashed it through our front door and the glass was beautiful colored. It was purple and gray -- no,  not gray, orange -- and orange and green and red, and it was strewn all over the floor. And so we were really very frightened then, and   so my father decided that we should go and hide up  in the attic. I'll just tell you, we lived on the   first floor of the house and the rabbis of the town,  the one rabbi we had in the town, was living on the   second floor, and on the third floor a non-Jewish  family and on the fourth floor was an attic. And so my father thought that it would be best  for us to go and hide up in the attic. And so when   we got up to the attic, the rabbi's family was  already in the attic, but the rabbi wasn't there. So I looked out -- there was a little window, and  I looked out the window and I saw the rabbi   standing on his veranda and the two SS officers  maybe, I don't know, or soldiers -- I don't   remember exactly what they were -- but they were  holding him by the arm, and another one came   along and cut off his beard. And then later on  I found out that they sent him to jail because he was Jewish and then I found out  that all the men in Bad Kreuznach, in our town, had to go to jail because they were  Jewish. And then I found out that when the people, our neighbors, had gone into our apartment, they had ransacked some of the things  that we owned, but they really damaged the rabbi's apartment, and they took some of his  artifacts and looted some of his things. And then I found out that they did that to everybody in Bad Kreuznach, anybody that was a Jewish family. Bill: And on that single night across Germany some 300 synagogues were burned in that night. Susan -- Susan: Yeah, exactly! Our synagogue. That's what I found out. Our synagogue was also burned. We had one. Bill: One out of 300. Susan: I'm glad you brought that up. Yes. Bill: And what do you remember about hiding in the attic? Susan: Well, we were children and the rabbi had  children. He had three boys and a girl and   I don't know what my baby brother did, but I  think they told me later on that the people   who lived on the third floor, that were not Jewish,  they gave my mother some milk to give to the baby. But otherwise they pretended whatever was going  on, they didn't have anything to do   with it. So we were playing. That was November  and they were apples that were stored, we had stored apples in the attic. And so we ate them and we played with them. We made, we played ball   with them and we made, we used them for an abaci. We counted with them and did math problems. We were children so I don't remember it being  such a horrible experience being up there, but   I'm sure the adults knew that that was  going to be the end of our wanting to stay in Germany. Bill: The parents had to have been just completely  terrified by that. Bill: What you just described -- the events leading up to Kristallnacht -- all of those events forced your parents to rethink your family's safety in Germany. What  did they decide they needed to do? Susan: Well, you know at the beginning before Kristallnacht my mother always wanted to come to the United States. And my father, I guess he wasn't that anxious to go for  the simple reason he probably thought that, you know, Hitler's going to blow over  and he's going to get his store back. But after Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken  Glass," everybody, every Jewish person in Germany wanted to get out because they knew that more  horrible things were going to come and that Hitler was not going to blow over. So everybody  tried to find a way to get out and so, but all of the countries had a quota, a very large  quota, and it was -- the quota was -- it was very impossible to get on the  list because Bill: The quotas were so small, it was so difficult. Susan: That's what I'm -- yeah, they were so small. So my father had heard of a woman that was  smuggling children across the border   into France and Bad Kreuznach isn't too  far from the border of France. And so she   when my father found out about her, I don't  know how he found out about her, she was saying she   would smuggle my brother and me across the border  and bring us to France and she would pretend that   we were going to be her children, that we were  French children. However, she did it for, not out of   the goodness of her heart. She did it because she  wanted to make money, and my father gave her all   the money that he had saved so that my brother and  I could be safe in France. I knew that my parents wanted to save  us. I knew they wanted to send us away, and I knew that I had to do what my parents wanted me  to do. But it was very difficult to leave them, to get separated from them, and the thing is the  most horrible thing that now that I'm an   adult must have been for my mother and father  to send their children away and not know if they were ever going to see them again. Bill: I can't imagine how terrifying that was and tragic for your parents to do exactly that. So there you are with Joseph. You're heading to France, your mom and dad and your baby brother Ernest are behind still in Germany.   Tell us about the incident when you were crossing  the border into France when German soldiers boarded the train. Susan: Well my brother -- I remember  it differently, but you know memories are different. And my brother said that he went before  I did, a week or two before I did.   But I remember the two of us going together  so, you know, it's been over 80 years since all of that happened. But  what had happened was is they told   me to absolutely be absolutely  quiet because I was German and I didn't know how to speak any French and we  were supposed to be her children. I think she had   put our picture into her children's passport  and so we were supposed to be very quiet   because if the French people came and asked  us some questions, we wouldn't understand, we wouldn't be able to answer. And so we had  to be very quiet. My brother said that they, he thinks that maybe they gave him  some drugs so he would be sleeping, but I don't   remember having any drugs but I was very, very  quiet and I pretended I was sleeping. And I heard   them come, and she must have said to them that  her child was sleeping and everything was okay. We got to Paris all right. Bill: So once you're in Paris -- the lady takes you there, now you're in Paris. What happened when you got to Paris? Susan: Yeah. We had a fourth cousin, and he lived in a nice apartment in Paris. And we stayed in his apartment, but he had   to go to work, and he had told us to stay  in the apartment until he got home from work. But   my brother is always braver than I am and he was  curious, and he snuck out of the apartment. And he ran all over Paris and looked at all of the  sights, and then he came back to the apartment   before the fourth cousin came back. And so he,  he never -- the cousin never found out but he, the cousin couldn't take care  of two kids. What was he going to do? So I don't   know, maybe we stayed for maybe two weeks. Maybe  my brother remembers better than I do but maybe   two weeks. And so what he did is he found a foster  home for us to stay at near the environs of Paris. Bill: So in May 1940, you're living with your brother  and other children in this children's home this   foster home. And then in May 1940, when Germany  invaded France, you, your brother and the other children in the home, and hundreds of thousands of others, had to flee Paris. Tell us about leaving Paris and where you ended up. Susan: Yeah. My brother  remembers distinctly that we were walking,   that we were someplace in Paris, on the Champs-Élysées, and that we saw the German Army marching in and we could hear the boots   and the trucks and the cars   coming down the Champs-Élysées. And not only my  brother and I were frightened, but everybody in   Paris, not only Jews were frightened, but everybody  in Paris was frightened. And so many, many people   wanted to leave. Some people collaborated with  with the German Army, but many people wanted to get   out and many people wanted to flee into the  south of France, but some people went west, and the closest town that  was west of Paris was Versailles. And so that's where my brother and I went and we, the both of us, do not remember how we got there but I   think that some nuns probably took us and we ended  up in Versailles, and we ended up at the biggest building in Versailles which of course is the  palace. And so here, this mayor of Versailles had to   take care of all of these refugees that came  out of Paris and they had to house us in Paris. And so what they did, you know, they have  these beautiful gardens outside the palace. And at the other end of the gardens, they had a big  pile of hay and somebody gave us, all of us, a burlap sack, and we filled this burlap sack  with hay, and then they gave us a little string   to tie around the sack. And it was perfect  for a mattress, and we put it on our shoulders   and we walked into the palace. And of course we  walked into the biggest room that they have in the   Palace of Versailles and maybe you already -- here  it is. You probably almost don't recognize it because all the mirrors are gone and all the  chandeliers are gone, but it is The Hall of Mirrors. If you go now, I mean it's a very elegant  place with beautiful chandeliers on the floor   and hanging from the ceiling. But at that time they  must have, the people who were taking care of the   palace, must have hidden all of the chandeliers  in the basement. So maybe they were worrying   that the Germans might, when the army came, that the  Germans might destroy them or steal them. So anyway, this room was tremendous and so what we did, we  put our mattresses that were made out of straw   along each side and then some of us were also in the middle and we had a place to sleep in that Hall of Mirrors. Bill: It's easy to imagine,  at least I can imagine, this room, this picture covered by refugees. You, your brother, and many, many  others lying on your burlap, hay-filled bags -- Susan: Yes. Bill: In that beautiful big room. Powerful. You had an  encounter there with a Nazi officer while you were in Versailles. Tell us about that. Susan: Well, you  know, the German Army didn't just stay in Paris. They decided to come to Versailles, that was one of their next places they invaded. And so we heard them coming in and marching again in this big cavalcade of cars and trucks, and some soldiers were walking. But in the front of that whole caravan was a car and out of this car came an officer, a German officer. And I don't  know whether he was a general or whether he was a captain, but he seemed to be very important. And  he got out of the car and he said he wanted to talk to the mayor. Now they called the mayor and  the mayor did not know how to speak any German and a German officer didn't know how to speak any  French and so they needed to have somebody to   translate for them and they said, somebody said,  "Oh, there's this girl in the palace and she knows   how to speak German." So it was me, it was  me. And so I tell you, they called me and I was   really very, very frightened because I thought  maybe if he found out that I was Jewish, they   would do the same thing that they had planned for  all the other Jews in Germany. But I came out and   he was so tall, he was as tall as the ceiling in  your place where you're,   where you are sitting, and I could just see  above his boots. And so anyway they started to   talk to each other, the mayor and the officer,  and I don't remember what they talked about   and at the end of the conversation the  German officer said to me, "Hey little girl, how come you know how to speak German so well?" And  I was really frightened then and so I said to him, "Oh you know, the French schools are very good and I  learned how to speak German in the French schools." Bill: You know, Susan, a couple of times you've talked  about how brave Joseph was. I think you've matched   him in bravery for doing that and for quick  thinking. That's an extraordinary thing that   you did there. So Susan, at this time that you're  describing, southeastern France remained unoccupied.   It was governed by a French collaborationist  government known as Vichy France. You and your   brother fled from Versailles and fled south. How  were you able to make this journey and where did you find shelter after leaving Versailles? Susan: Now both  of us really can't quite remember how we got from Versailles to Vichy but we did end up in Vichy.  I remember walking around and drinking some of that water they had in the fountains and then we  got to a place called Brout-Vernet which is a little village near Vichy and there was a castle, an old  castle, that the OSE, Oeuvre de Secour aux Enfants, agency which was wonderful to lost Jewish  children at that time. And here's that castle, you can see it. My brother and I are not on this  picture those are the younger kids somehow but that's the only picture that I have and there  it was called it was the Chateau de Morelles   and there we were and with all these lost children  that were all over France and you know this time   we were only with Jewish children and everything  was fine then because we were in the unoccupied   zone and one of the things that we had to do  every day was to write to our parents and this is something that I was looking forward to, is to  write to them and because we were worrying about what had happened to them because we had  heard stories now in 19 -- this is like in the beginning of 1941 -- and we hadn't heard  about only the atrocities that happened after 1941 but we weren't quite sure where  my parents were and what had happened to them. And so we were there and we were with the kids and we didn't have that much food but we had enough things to eat. Bill: And you were writing  letters to your parents but were they able to write back at all? Susan: No, we didn't hear from  them. No, we didn't know. Bill: Do you remember what that was like for you? And that must have been just so sad and scary. Susan: I wanted to hear from them, that was my main thing is what had happened to them. I wanted to be with my   mother and father and of course my baby brother, Ernst. Bill: And while you were at this home, the chateau, tell us about the education that you were getting there. Susan: Oh yes. By that time we knew how to speak French already because when we  were in the foster home we went to school and we had to learn and nobody spoke any  German. So we were little kids and we learned it very quickly and so the village had a  public school for the village kids but they didn't want the children from the  chateau to be mixed with their children, and so they gave us a special teacher again in a  one-room house and all the kids from the Chateau de Morelles went to that one room and we  learned -- I have a "cahier du jour" where we learned how to do math problems, I  liked to write them in and we learned geography, and he was a wonderful teacher. And the thing that  I remember the most is that, you know, in France the kids go to school on Saturday but not on  Thursday. Thursday and Sunday is their day off. So we have to go to school on Saturday but he was  so very understanding because we were Orthodox   and the Orthodox Jewish people they don't write  and they don't work on Saturday, but we   did walk to school, but he always gave us lessons so that we didn't have to write anything and he was a very good teacher. Bill: Here you are in this children's home in southern France, not knowing anything about the fate of the rest of your family. You hadn't heard back but after about a year in the home one day the headmistress calls you in to see her. What did she want to say  to you? Susan: Yeah I didn't know why she wanted to talk to me because, you know, usually you have to go and see her because you've been bad or something and I was always a very good child and I never, never you know, did anything wrong so I walked up this staircase out of marble and held onto the wooden bannister, this ancient wooden bannister and I was shivering and I was frightened. And so I got inside her office and she said to me, "Susi, you are going to go to the United States." And  I tell you, I was filled with joy but I was   flabbergasted, and I just didn't understand. And so  she said, "Your parents are in the United States and   your baby brother are in the United States -- is in  the United States -- and they have found you. They   have gotten the Quakers -- the Quakers, by the way,  they did such wonderful things for children during   the Second World War, and also the HIAS and the  OSE. All of them got together and they found us, and they helped my father. My father  bought the tickets ,but they helped my father   arrange for a trip for us to come  to the United States on a ship called The Serpa Pinto in Portugal. Bill: How did your parents survive? Susan: That's a very good question. They must have  been horribly upset because they didn't   know where we were. But so how did  my parents get over here to the United States?   I'll answer this question. And what happened is  my father had a cousin who lived in the Bronx and   she had a pickle factory. And in the United  States, you know, you could get affidavits if you   had somebody that promised that you would not  be a burden to the United States and that they   would cover the immigrants' expenses. And so this cousin, her name was Ann Gerstin, and she wrote the affidavits and she said that  she would be responsible. But I guess at   the time, the amount of affidavits that she had  was just good enough for one person to come. So they had to, my parents must have had to decide  which one was going to come, and so they decided   that my father should come because if he came,  he could start to work and then somehow be   easier for him to get my mother over here and  so that's exactly what happened. He came to the   United States in 19 -- I think at the end of 1940  or 41 -- and then he worked and then he got my mother   and my baby brother's affidavits to come to the United States and so then that's when they started to try to find us. Bill: We can only imagine what it was like for your mother. Her one daughter and one son are gone, and  her husband has gone to the United States and so it's just your mother and your little baby  brother still in Germany. That must have been just an extremely difficult time for her. So once you  found out that you were going to join them in the United States, tell us about your journey out of France to the United States. What was that like and how did it happen? Susan: Yeah. Well the first  thing was we had to get out of Brout-Vernet and we took a train to Marseille,  which is in the southern part of France. And there we stayed for a few days and I'm not sure  what happened there, but there were a lot of places that were taking, refugees were  all over in Marseille, but somehow or other we got together with many children and we got on the  train and the train took us over the Pyrenees through Spain and I remember we were  in Madrid. We were on the bus in Madrid and then somehow we went, we got to Portugal and then  we got on the boat that was in Lisbon and the boat was called The Serpa  Pinto. And I found this out later, we went with 50 children. They were all in the hull, we  all were in the hull of the ship. It was a cruise ship, but much smaller not like anything they  have now. And the thing is these 50 kids, now I found this out since I worked  at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, that Eleanor Roosevelt was responsible  for getting all of these children to come, to save these children.  And somehow, evidently, maybe four children were not able to get onto the group, and so they put  my brother and me and two other children onto the transport. And so what we did is we all slept in bunks in that one room, all 50 of us, and it took 14 days to get across. Bill: We have an image for you to tell us about. Susan: Ah, yes! Oh, yes. This was a tag, everybody had to wear this tag and it said who we were, it said my name   is Susie Hilsenrath. And then it said I'm going on  The SS Serpa Pinto and then I'm leaving from Lisbon   and then I'm going to New York. And everybody, all  the 50 kids, had to wear this tag. And it looks like   it's pretty worn out because we had to wear it  every day, but it's at the United States   Holocaust Memorial Museum and it was in one of the  exhibits when it first opened up. So the trip took 14 days. Bill: And then of course after those 14 days you're about to go into New York City. You have to share that with us. Susan: Yeah, I do have  to share that with you. I really would like to   talk about this. Well, one evening they told  us that we should get up early the next morning   because at six o'clock we were going to pass  the Statue of Liberty. I'm going to get emotional   I can feel it already, I'm sorry. Bill: You're getting me  emotional, so I think that's completely appropriate. Susan: Well anyway, my brother always gets emotional about  this too. Anyway at six o'clock, the kids all   were up much earlier and I think my brother  probably was up at five o'clock up there. And so   when we got up there there was this horrible fog  and you couldn't see your hand in front of your face and so we were all really disappointed. But I'm telling you at exactly six o'clock, that fog lifted like a curtain in the  theater and it just went up very, very slowly   and the very first thing we saw the bottom of  this statue because it was six o'clock and that   curtain was rising very slowly and slowly we  saw her body and then we saw the head and then we saw the entire Statue of Liberty and  all the children were excited and of course my brother and I were extremely excited because  first of all we were going to see our parents and then we knew that we were going to go to a  society where there was a democracy and where we were going to not have anybody call  us a dirty Jew or when we were where we went   where there was no discrimination against Jewish people. Bill: And yet your ordeal was not quite over at that point. Tell us, you got delayed -- tell us about that. Susan: Yeah we did, we did get delayed. When we got to the port in New York, all the passengers of the ship got off the ship but somehow or other they had some medical  people coming on board to check out to see if the children had some kind of a communicable disease  well this is a picture of us coming into the port   can you show the where where I am yes the  circle is me and the other one is my brother. this was in the newspaper in New York  when we first came here it wasn't a tremendous   photograph that really is yeah I think so it  was on September the 24th 1941 anyway   these medical people came on board they checked  out all the children and that my brother had   a fever and he had rash on his body from eating  too much pineapple and they thought that he had   a communicable disease and they said he couldn't  come into the United States. Of course I would   stay with him and they said well you  can't come into the United States so where did   they take us? I bet you you probably thought about  it already. Do you know where they took us? Bill: I know, but our audience might not know. Susan [laughing]: Well, I'll  tell them. I'll tell them. It was Ellis Island. And so they took us to Ellis Island  and my brother was -- they gave him   aspirins or medicine and they gave him cream for  his rash and he was better very soon. However when   we were there, the few days that we were there, we  learned everything we needed to know for children   here in the United States. So let me tell you the  three things that we knew made us become knowledgeable. We sat at long tables like  cafeteria tables in the school system and there was a sailor sitting next to my brother and he  was drinking a brown drink and had bubbles in it, and the sailor nudged him and asked  him if he would like to have a taste.   And my brother looked at me and he  said, "Should I drink it?" and I said, "Well... okay." So he tasted it and he said, "Oh it tastes very  good!" So this sailor told him that it was Coca-Cola. So in those days Coca-Cola was just the drink  that was very popular here in the United States. And so another day there we found that there was  this bread on the table and it was white. And we   had never seen any white bread and so it  was soft and we could take it in our hand and we   could make a ball out of it and then we could eat  it and it tasted so wonderful, and somebody told us   that it was called Wonder Bread. and then the last  thing we learned which is really very important   is that the kids here in the United States were  having candy that you could keep in your mouth all day long and it didn't melt, and then they told  us that it was chewing gum. In those days chewing gum was a big thing in the United States.  So my brother and I were ready to come and so they   took, they put us back on the boat and they took us back to the pier and there was my father. And he took us to Washington, DC. Bill: So your father  had been waiting all that time while you were   having to go through that quarantine and time  at ellis island. Susan: Yes. Bill: I want to, before we go on, I want to just say to our audience that, of course, the United States was not yet in the war. We wouldn't enter the war until December 1941. Had this been a few months later, Susan's parents would not have gotten out of  Germany. So the timing for you was just absolutely wonderful. What was it like Susan to reunite  with your parents after all that time? Susan: Well, it was wonderful to see them. We were very happy to be with them, yes. Bill: Yeah. Susan, as your immediate family obviously was able to get out of Germany, and that was wonderful, tell us what happened to other family members? Susan: Well, most everybody was murdered. My father had been born in Poland,  and I had never met my grandparents or his   relatives, except for one sister and she  who emigrated to Israel way  before Hitler and or around that time. And so I  never knew any of his relatives. And they lived   in Poland and I tried to find out what had  happened to them. You know the Germans keep   very good records but I could not find anything  as to what happened about them and i didn't find   out until later that in all the small villages  the Germans marched in and what they did is they   made the Jewish people dig their own graves  and they shot them and they didn't keep any record   of what had happened so my  grandparents and my father's   villages they lived in a town called Kolomyja and  those, most of those, people died that way. And then my mother's side, many of -- my mother also was born  in Poland. I never met her parents either and I didn't find out anything either about them, but  she did have a relative called Tante Anna. There she is [laughter]. She was my mother's mother's sister  so she was my mother's aunt, and "tante" means "aunt"   in German and my mother called her Tante Anna and so, to me, she was always Tante Anna. And she lived in a   town called Viersen. And she was wonderful to us  and she was like a good, good, good relative. She was a wonderful lady. She had  a husband and she had children. And what happened to her is, I did find out what  happened to her because she was sent to Riga because the Germans kept records about the  German Jews, and she had a mother which was my mother's grandmother, my great-grandmother,  and so and her husband Uncle Heinrich   they sent him. And they were such wonderful  people and they were so good to us and they   sent them to Riga and that they were  murdered there. Bill: At the Riga concentration camp. Susan: Yes. Bill: Susan -- Susan: I don't know how they were murdered, but they died there. It said in the book, you know, I don't know. I tried to find out what happened, how they died, and why they died, but they just said they died. Bill: Susan, I have just one more question for you. In the  face of rising global antisemitism, please tell us why you continue to share your firsthand account  of what you experienced during the Holocaust. Susan: We have to remember what happened. We  cannot undo the atrocities of the past.   We have to take action to confront hate. We cannot  be onlookers when we see injustice taking place. We need to understand what prejudice  and hatred can do to people. We have to be sensitive to each  other and take care of one another. And we have to enjoy, let us enjoy,  and celebrate what we have in common. Bill: Susan, we have such gratitude to you for  your willingness to continue to do this, to   take the time to share your firsthand account of  what you experienced. It's so important. You are so   eloquent, and as Tammy noted, you are  a storyteller. It's no surprise that you spent   a career teaching and building a new generation, several generations, of people to contribute to the betterment of our world. So thank you, Susan,  for all you've done and all you continue to do. We look forward to your next time with us on the  First Person program. Susan: Thank you for having me, Bill.